WAME eLearning Program Sections, Authors, and References: IV. Ethics

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1. Conflicts of Interest

Christine Laine, MD, MPH; Editor in Chief, Annals of Internal Medicine; Past President, WAME

  • What are conflicts of interest/competing interests for editors, authors, and reviewers and how they should be handled

References 

1. Disclosure of Financial and Non-Financial Relationships and Activities, and Conflicts of Interest. ICMJE. http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/author-responsibilities--conflicts-of-interest.html Accessed January 23, 2024.

2. Davidoff F, DeAngelis CD, Drazen JM, Hoey J, Højgaard L, Horton R, et al. Sponsorship, authorship, and accountability. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:463–6. 

3. Disclosure of Interest. ICMJE. Updated February 2021. http://www.icmje.org/disclosure-of-interest/ Accessed January 23, 2024.

4. McCrabb S, Mooney K, Wolfenden L, Gonzalez S, Ditton E, Yoong S, et al. “He who pays the piper calls the tune”: Researcher experiences of funder suppression of health behaviour intervention trial findings. PLoS ONE. 2021; 16(8): e0255704. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255704

5. Conflict of Interest in Peer-Reviewed Medical Journals. World Association of Medical Editors. https://www.wame.org/conflict-of-interest-in-peer-reviewed-medical-journals Accessed January 23, 2024.

6. 2.1 Editor Roles and Responsibilities. Recommendations for Promoting Integrity in Scientific Journal Publications. Council of Science Editors. Updated October 2022. https://cse.memberclicks.net/2-1-editor-roles-and-responsibilities Accessed January 23, 2024.

7. Conflicts of Interest/Competing Interests. Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). https://publicationethics.org/competinginterestsAccessed January 23, 2024.

8. Wager E, Kleinert S. Responsible research publication: International standards for authors. A position statement developed at the 2nd World conference on Research Integrity, Singapore, 22–24 July 2010. Chapter 50. In: Mayer T, Steneck N (eds). Promoting research integrity in a global environment. Singapore: Imperial College Press/World Scientific Publishing; 2011:309–316. https://publicationethics.org/files/International%20standard_editors_for%20website_11_Nov_2011.pdf  Accessed January 23, 2024.

9. Best Practices for Peer Reviewer Selection and Contact to Prevent Peer Review Manipulation by Authors. April 6, 2015. WAME. https://www.wame.org/best-practices-for-peer-reviewer-selection-and-contact-to-prevent-peer-review-manipulation-by-authors Accessed January 18, 2024.

10. The Relationship Between Journal Editors-in-Chief and Owners (formerly titled Editorial Independence). World Association of Medical Editors. https://wame.org/editorial-independence  Accessed January 23, 2024.

11. The PLoS Medicine Editors. PLoS Medicine and the Pharmaceutical Industry. PLoS Med. 2006; 3(7): e329. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030329

12. McCook A. Pay to play? Three new ways companies are subverting academic publishing. Retraction Watch, March 7, 2017. https://retractionwatch.com/2017/03/07/pay-play-three-new-ways-companies-subverting-academic-publishing/ Accessed January 23, 2024.


2. Authorship

Rob Siebers, PGCertPH, FNZIMLS, FNZIC, FRSB; University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand; Emeritus Editor, New Zealand Journal of Medical Laboratory Science; Immediate Past President, WAME

  • What authorship is, how it is defined for manuscript submissions, who handles authorship conflicts, and how to respond to requests for changes in authorship

References

1. Authorship. Cambridge Dictionary. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/authorship Accessed November 13, 2023.
2. Defining the Role of Authors and Contributors. ICMJE. http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html Accessed November 13, 2023.
3. Authorship. WAME. 2007. https://wame.org/authorship Accessed November 13, 2023.
4. Malički M, Jerončić A, Marušić M, Marušić A. Why do you think you should be the author on this manuscript? Analysis of open-ended responses of authors in a general medical journal. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2012;12:189.
5. Rennie D, Yank V, Emanuel I. When authorship fails, a proposal to make contributors accountable. JAMA. 1997;278(7):579-585. Doi 10/1001/jama.1997.03550070071041
6. CRediT – Contributor Roles Taxonomy. CASRAI. https://credit.niso.org Accessed November 13, 2023.
7. Zielinski C, Winker MA, Aggarwal R, Ferris LE, Heinemann M, Lapeña JF, Pai SA, Ing E, Citrome L, Alam M, Voight M, Habibzadeh F, for the WAME Board. Chatbots, Generative AI, and Scholarly Manuscripts. WAME Recommendations on Chatbots and Generative Artificial Intelligence in Relation to Scholarly Publications. WAME. May 31, 2023. https://wame.org/page3.php?id=106 Accessed November 13, 2023.
8. Data Access, Responsibility, and Analysis. Instructions for Authors. JAMA https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/pages/instructions-for-authors#SecDataAccess,Responsibility,andAnalysis Accessed November 13, 2023.
9. WAME Manuscript Submission Checklist. WAME. 2023. https://wame.org/manuscript-submission-checklist Accessed November 13, 2023.
10. Tay A. Researchers are embracing visual tools to give fair credit for work on papers. Nature Index. January 22, 202 https://www.natureindex.com/news-blog/researchers-embracing-visual-tools-contribution-matrix-give-fair-credit-authors-scientific-papers Accessed April 28, 2023.
1 Marušić A, Bošnjak L, Jerončić A. A systematic review of research on the meaning, ethics and practices of authorship across scholarly disciplines. PLoS One. 2011;6(9):e23477. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023477.
12. How to handle authorship disputes: a guide for new researchers. COPE. https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/how-handle-authorship-disputesa-guide-new-researchers Accessed November 13, 2023.
13. Conte ML, Maat SL, Omary MB. Increased co-first authorships in biomedical and clinical publications: a call for recognition. FASEB J. 2013;27(10):3902-4.
14. Mitcheson H, Collings S, Siebers RW. Authorship issues at a New Zealand academic institution. Int J Occup Environ Med. 2011;2:1667-17
15. Paper Mills and Research Misconduct: Facing the Challenges of Scientific Publishing. Hearing Charter. U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Science, Space, and Technology Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight. July 20, 2022. https://www.congress.gov/117/meeting/house/115022/documents/HHRG-117-SY21-20220720-SD002.pdf Accessed November 13, 2023.
16. Ghost, guest, or gift authorship in a submitted manuscript. COPE. https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/ghost-guest-gift-authorship-submitted-manuscript Accessed November 13, 2023.
17. Changes in authorship: Addition of extra author – before publication. COPE. https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/changes-authorship-addition-extra-author-publication Accessed November 13, 2023.
18. Changes in authorship: Removal of author – before publication. COPE. https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/changes-authorship-removal-author-publication Accessed November 13, 2023.
19. Authorship and contributorship. COPE. https://publicationethics.org/authorship Accessed November 13, 2023.
 

3. Protection of Human Participants and Animals in Research

Lorraine Ferris, PhD, LLM, Professor, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto; Trustee and Past President, WAME

  • Human rights and animal ethics in research, existing policies, ethics review committee approval, and how to evaluate research ethics in manuscripts

References

  1. Permissible Medical Experiments. Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.1949;2:181-182.
  2. The United States of America v. Karl Brandt et al. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/captured-german-records/microfilm/m887.pdf Accessed January 19, 2024.
  3. Declaration of Helsinki: Recommendations guiding doctors in clinical research. World Medical Association. 1964. https://www.wma.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/DoH-Jun1964.pdf Accessed January 19, 2024.
  4. WMA Declaration of Helsinki -- Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. World Medical Association. https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-medical-research-involving-human-subjects/ . Accessed January 19, 2024.
  5. Carlson RV, Boyd KM, Webb DJ. The revision of the Declaration of Helsinki: past, present and future. Br J Clin Pharm. 2004;57(6):695-713. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2004.02103.x.
  6. International Compilation of Human Research Standards. Office of Human Research Protections. US Department of Health and Human Services. February 7, 2022. https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/international/compilation-human-research-standards/index.html Accessed January 19, 2024.
  7. Cameron D, Clemence M, Xypolia K. Public attitudes to animal research in 2018. Ipsos, Moki, Social Research Institute. https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/public-attitudes-animal-research-2018 Accessed January 19, 2024.
  8. Russell WMS and Burch RL. The principles of humane experimental technique. London: Methuen, 1959. https://www.scribd.com/document/402414979/The-Principles-of-Humane-Experimental-Technique Accessed January 19, 2024.
  9. Journals’ Best Practices for Ensuring Consent for Publishing Medical Case Reports: Guidance from COPE. https://publicationethics.org/files/Best_Practices_for_Ensuring_Consent_for_Publishing_Medical_Case_Reports_guidance_from_COPE.pdf Accessed January 19, 2024.
  10. Protection of Research Participants. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/protection-of-research-participants.html Accessed January 19, 2024.
  11. Sade RM. Publication of Unethical Research Studies: The Importance of Informed Consent. Ann Thorac Surg 2003;75:325-328. DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(02)04323-0
  12. Cohn F, Manetta A. A Teachable moment: Research ethics revisited. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1067/mob.2003.122
  13. Hunter D. Editorial: The publication of unethical research. Research Ethics 2012;8(2):67-70. DOI: 10.1177/1747016112445959
  14. Suspected ethical problem in a submitted manuscript. Flowcharts. COPE. https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/ethical-problem-in-submitted-manuscript-cope-flowchart.pdf Accessed January 19, 2024.
  15. International Association of Veterinary Editors Consensus Author Guidelines on Animal Ethics and Welfare for Editors. International Association of Veterinary Editors. Accountable Journalism. July 23, 2010. https://accountablejournalism.org/ethics-codes/consensus-author-guidelines-on-animal-ethics-and-welfare-for-editors Accessed January 19, 2024.
  16. Kikenny C, Browne WJ, Cuthill IC, Emerson M & Altman DG. Improving Bioscience Research Reporting: The ARRIVE Guidelines for Reporting Animal Research. PLOS Biology. 2010;8(6):e10000412 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000412
  17. Moylan EC, Kowalczuk MK. Why articles are retracted: A retrospective cross-sectional study of retraction notices at BioMed Central. BMJ Open. 2016;6(11):e012047 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012047
  18. Nair S, Yean C, Yoo J, Leff J, Delphin E, Adams DC. Reasons for article retraction in anesthesiology: a comprehensive analysis. Can Journal of Anesth 2019; 67-63. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12630-019-01508-3
  19. Retraction Guidelines. COPE. https://publicationethics.org/files/retraction-guidelines.pdf Accessed January 19, 2024

4. Scientific Integrity and Misconduct

Lorraine E Ferris, PhD., LL.M, Professor, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto; Trustee and Past President, WAME

Margaret A. Winker, MD, Trustee and Past President, WAME

  • What constitutes scientific misconduct and what is scientific integrity; policies and procedures for identifying misconduct and lack of integrity; how an editor should handle suspected misconduct or allegations of misconduct

References

1. Case. COPE. https://publicationethics.org/guidance/Case Accessed January 18, 2024.

2. Scientific Misconduct, Expressions of Concern, and Retraction. ICMJE.
https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/publishing-and-editorial-issues/scientific-misconduct-expressions-of-concern-and-retraction.html Accessed January 18, 2024.

3. Definition of Research Misconduct, Office of Research Integrity, US Dept of Health & Human Services. https://ori.hhs.gov/definition-research-misconduct Accessed January 18, 2024.

4. The European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity. All European Academies (ALLEA). 2017. https://allea.org/code-of-conduct/ Accessed January 18, 2024.

5. Netherlands Code of Conduct for Research Integrity. 2018. https://www.tudelft.nl/en/about-tu-delft/strategy/integrity-policy/academic-integrity/netherlands-code-of-conduct-for-research-integrity#:~:text=The%20code%20of%20conduct%20has,%2C%20transparency%2C%20independence%20and%20responsibility Accessed January 18, 2024.

6. Code of Practice For Research, UK Research Integrity Office. 2009, rev 2021. https://ukrio.org/wp-content/uploads/UKRIO-Code-of-Practice-for-Research.pdf Accessed January 18, 2024.

7. Australian Code for the Responsible Conduct of Research, 2018.
https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/about-us/publications/australian-code-responsible-conduct-research-2018 Accessed January 18, 2024.

8. Responsible Conduct of Research, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, 2019. https://cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/40512.html Accessed January 18, 2024.

9. Global Code of Conduct for Research in Resource-Poor Settings. https://www.globalcodeofconduct.org/the-code/ Accessed January 18, 2024.

10. Singapore statement on research integrity. World Conferences on Research Integrity. 2010. https://wcrif.org/guidance/singapore-statement Accessed January 18, 2024.

11. Thaler PS, Simon PE. Science knows no country: Culture’s impact on research misconduct proceedings. February 22, 2022. Cohen Seglias (US Law firm). https://www.cohenseglias.com/news-article/science-knows-no-country-cultures-impact-on-research-misconduct/ Accessed January 18, 2024.]

12. National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering (US) and Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy. On Being a Scientist: A Guide to Responsible Conduct in Research: Third Edition. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2009. Mistakes and Negligence. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK214565 Accessed November 13, 2022.

13. Annual Report FY 2021. Office of Research Integrity, US Dept of Health & Human Services. https://ori.hhs.gov/blog/annual-report-fy-2021 Accessed January 18, 2024.

14. 2.1.4 Conflict of Interest Disclosure. Editor Roles and Responsibilities. Editorial Policy Committee, Council of Science Editors. CSE’s White Paper on Promoting Integrity in Scientific Journal Publications. Wheat Ridge, CO: 2018.
https://cse.memberclicks.net/2-1-editor-roles-and-responsibilities Accessed January 18, 2024.

15. Hindawi and Wiley to retract over 500 papers linked to peer review rings. Retraction Watch. Sept 28, 2022. https://retractionwatch.com/2022/09/28/exclusive-hindawi-and-wiley-to-retract-over-500-papers-linked-to-peer-review-rings/ Accessed January 18, 2024.

16. Citation Manipulation. COPE. July 2019. https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/COPE_DD_A4_Citation_Manipulation_Jul19_SCREEN_AW2.pdf Accessed January 18, 2024.

17. Paper Mills and Research Misconduct: Facing the Challenges of Scientific Publishing. Hearing Charter. U.S. House Of Representatives Committee on Science, Space, And Technology, Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight. July 20, 2022 https://www.congress.gov/117/meeting/house/115022/documents/HHRG-117-SY21-20220720-SD002.pdf Accessed January 18, 2024.

18. Supplements, Theme Issues, and Special Series. ICMJE. https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/publishing-and-editorial-issues/supplements-theme-issues-and-special-series.html Accessed January 18, 2024.

19. 2.1.7 Supplements, Special Series, or Calls for Papers. Editor Roles and Responsibilities. Recommendations for Promoting Integrity in Scientific Journal Publications. Sept 2021. Council of Science Editors. https://cse.memberclicks.net/2-1-editor-roles-and-responsibilities Accessed January 18, 2024.

20. Can you explain what these 1,500 papers are doing in this journal? Retraction Watch. September 28, 2022. https://retractionwatch.com/2022/09/28/can-you-explain-what-these-1500-papers-are-doing-in-this-journal/ Accessed January 18, 2024.

21. Bishop D. We need to talk about editors. Sept 6, 2022. Bishop Blog.
http://deevybee.blogspot.com/2022/09/we-need-to-talk-about-editors.html Accessed January 18, 2024.

22. 2.1 Editor Roles and Responsibilities. Recommendations for Promoting Integrity in Scientific Journal Publications. Oct 2022. Council of Science Editors. https://cse.memberclicks.net/2-1-editor-roles-and-responsibilities Accessed January 18, 2024.

23. Resnik DB, Wager E, Kissling GE. Retraction policies of top scientific journals ranked by impact factor. J Med Lib Association. 2015;103(3). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4511053/ Accessed January 18, 2024.

24. Wager E. How should journal editors respond to cases of suspected misconduct? J Microbiol Biol Educ. 2014 Dec 15;15(2):146-50. doi: 10.1128/jmbe.v15i2.829 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4278465/ Accessed January 18, 2024.

25. Correspondence Between Authors and Journal. Information for Authors. Ann Intern Med. https://www.acpjournals.org/journal/aim/authors3 Accessed January 18, 2024.

26. Kleinert S, Wager E. Responsible research publication: international standards for editors. A position statement developed at the 2nd World Conference on Research Integrity, Singapore, July 22-24, 2010. Chapter 51 in: Mayer T & Steneck N (eds) Promoting Research Integrity in a Global Environment. Imperial College Press / World Scientific Publishing, Singapore (pp 317-28). (ISBN 978-981-4340-97-7) https://publicationethics.org/files/International%20standard_editors_for%20website_11_Nov_2011.pdf Accessed January 18, 2024.

27. COPE, DOAJ, OASPA, WAME. Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing. V4, Sept 2022. https://doi.org/10.24318/cope.2019.1.12 or
https://wame.org/principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing Accessed January 18, 2024.

28. Core Practices. COPE. https://publicationethics.org/core-practices Accessed January 18, 2024.

29. Ethics toolkit for a successful editorial office. COPE. https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines/ethics-toolkit-editors Accessed January 18, 2024.

30. Editorial policies. BioMedCentral. https://www.biomedcentral.com/getpublished/editorial-policies Accessed January 18, 2024.

31. Data Access, Responsibility, and Analysis. Instructions for Authors. JAMA. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/pages/instructions-for-authors#SecDataAccess,Responsibility,andAnalysis Accessed January 18, 2024.

32. Defining the Role of Authors and Contributors. ICMJE. https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html Accessed January 18, 2024.

33. Authorship. COPE. https://publicationethics.org/authorship Accessed January 18, 2024.

34. 2.2 Authorship and Authorship Responsibilities. Recommendations for Promoting Integrity in Scientific Journal Publications. June 2020. Council of Science Editors. https://www.councilscienceeditors.org/2-2-authorship-and-authorship-responsibilities Accessed January 18, 2024.

35. Authorship. WAME. 2007. https://wame.org/authorship Accessed January 18, 2024.

36. Complaints and Appeals. COPE. https://publicationethics.org/appeals Accessed January 18, 2024.

37. Ombudsperson. Lancet. https://www.thelancet.com/ombudsperson Accessed January 18, 2024.

38. Ethics Committee. BMJ. https://www.bmj.com/about-bmj/advisory-panels/ethics-committee Accessed January 18, 2024.

39. Flowcharts. COPE. https://publicationethics.org/guidance/Flowcharts Accessed January 18, 2024.

40. Disclosure of Interest (Updated February 2021). ICMJE. https://www.icmje.org/disclosure-of-interest/ Accessed January 18, 2024.

41. Competing Interests. COPE. https://publicationethics.org/competinginterests Accessed January 18, 2024.

42. 2.1.3 Conflicts of Interest, 2.1.4 Conflict of Interest Disclosure. 2.1 Editor Roles and Responsibilities. Recommendations for Promoting Integrity in Scientific Journal Publications. June 2020. Council of Science Editors. https://cse.memberclicks.net/2-1-editor-roles-and-responsibilities Accessed January 18, 2024.

43. Conflict of Interest in Peer-Reviewed Medical Journals. WAME. 2009. https://wame.org/conflict-of-interest-in-peer-reviewed-medical-journals Accessed January 18, 2024.

44. Clinical Trials. ICMJE. https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/publishing-and-editorial-issues/clinical-trial-registration.html Accessed January 18, 2024.

45. Data Availability. PLOS Medicine. https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/s/data-availability Accessed January 18, 2024.

46. Recommended Repositories. PLOS One. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/recommended-repositories Accessed January 18, 2024.

47. Garfinkel S. Enhancing Partnerships of Institutions and Journals: a US Perspective for Best Practices. August 2022. https://osf.io/4qehs/ Accessed January 18, 2024. [preprint]

48. Ethical oversight. COPE. https://publicationethics.org/oversight Accessed January 18, 2024.

49. Dual-Use Research, Office of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, US.
https://oir.nih.gov/sourcebook/ethical-conduct/special-research-considerations/dual-use-research Accessed January 18, 2024.

50. Intellectual property. COPE. https://publicationethics.org/intellectualproperty Accessed January 18, 2024.

51. Post-publication discussions and corrections. COPE. https://publicationethics.org/postpublication Accessed January 18, 2024.

52. Retraction guidelines. COPE. https://publicationethics.org/retraction-guidelines Accessed January 18, 2024.

53. Wager E, Barbour V, Yentis S, Kleinert S. Retractions: guidance from the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). Croat Med J. 2009 Dec;50(6):532-5. doi: 10.3325/cmj.2009.50.532. PMID: 20017220; PMCID: PMC2802086.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802086/ Accessed January 18, 2024.

54. Expressions of Concern. COPE. https://publicationethics.org/files/Notes%20from%20Forum%20Discussion%20Topic_Expressions%20of%20concern_final.pdf Accessed November 13, 2022.

55. Scientific Misconduct, Expressions of Concern, and Retraction. ICMJE. https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/publishing-and-editorial-issues/scientific-misconduct-expressions-of-concern-and-retraction.html Accessed November 13, 2022.

56. Ferguson C, Marcus A, Oransky I. Publishing: The peer-review scam. Nature 515, 480–482 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/515480a https://www.nature.com/articles/515480a Accessed January 18, 2024.

57. EQUATOR Network. https://www.equator-network.org Accessed January 18, 2024.

58. Similarity Check. CrossRef. https://www.crossref.org/services/similarity-check/ Accessed January 18, 2024.

59. 3.4 Digital Images and Misconduct. Editor Roles and Responsibilities. Recommendations for Promoting Integrity in Scientific Journal Publications. Oct 2022. Council of Science Editors. https://cse.memberclicks.net/3-4-digital-images-and-misconduct Accessed January 18, 2024.

60. Forensic Tools. Office of Research Integrity, US Dept of Health & Human Services. https://ori.hhs.gov/forensic-tools Accessed January 18, 2024.

61. Wager E, Kleinert S on behalf of the CLUE Working Group. Cooperation & Liaison between Universities & Editors (CLUE): Recommendations on best practice. Research Integrity and Peer Review. 2021; 6:6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41073-021-00109-3 Accessed January 18, 2024.

62. Cooperation between research institutions and journals on research integrity cases: guidance from the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). COPE. https://publicationethics.org/files/Research_institutions_guidelines_final_0_0.pdf Accessed January 18, 2024.


5. Correcting the Published Record

Astrid James, MBBS; Deputy Editor, The Lancet [retired]

  • How an editor should handle the need for corrections, retractions, and expressions of concern and determine which is appropriate in a particular case

References

1. Policy and best practice: errata & corrigenda. August 2016. Elsevier. https://www.elsevier.com/editors/perk/policy-and-best-practice-errata-And-corrigenda Accessed January 23, 2024.

2. Errata, Retractions, and Other Linked Citations in PubMed. MEDLINE/PubMed Resources. NLM https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/policy/errata.html Accessed January 23, 2024.

3. 2. How should I submit citations for errata, retractions, and comments? XML Help for PubMed Data Providers. PubMed Help. NLM. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK3828/#publisherhelp.How_should_I_submit_citati Accessed January 23, 2024.

4. Editing a single citation. PubMed Data Management. NLM. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/management/help/editing-single/ Accessed January 23, 2024.

5. Corrections. Policies. PubMedCentral. NLM. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/about/guidelines/#corr Accessed January 23, 2024.

6. Corrections, Retractions, Republications and Version Control. ICMJE. http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/publishing-and-editorial-issues/corrections-and-version-control.html Accessed January 23, 2024.

7. Retraction guidelines. COPE. https://publicationethics.org/retraction-guidelines Accessed January 23, 2024.

8. Scientific Misconduct, Expressions of Concern, and Retraction. ICMJE. https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/publishing-and-editorial-issues/scientific-misconduct-expressions-of-concern-and-retraction.html Accessed January 23, 2024.

9. Ahead of Print Withdrawn Policy. XML Help for PubMed Data Providers. PubMed Help [Internet]. NLM. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK3828/#publisherhelp.Ahead_of_Print_Withdrawn_P Accessed January 23, 2024.

10. Retractions. Document Objects. PMC. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/pmcdoc/tagging-guidelines/article/dobs.html#dob-arttype-retract Accessed January 23, 2024.

11. Retraction guidelines [PDF]. COPE. https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/retraction-guidelines-cope.pdf Accessed January 23, 2024.

12. Crossmark. Crossref. https://www.crossref.org/services/crossmark/ Accessed January 23, 2024.

13. Search results for 'Corrections retractions expressions of concern'. COPE. https://publicationethics.org/search/site/Corrections?t=Corrections+retractions+expressions+of+concern&sort=score Accessed January 23, 2024.